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|AbbrevPinyin = Hēi |ISOAbbrev = 23 |Map = Heilongjiang in China (+all claims hatched).svg |MapSize = 275px |MapLabel = Heilongjiang is highlighted on this map. |OriginOfName = hēi—black lóng—dragon jiāng—river "Amur River" |AdministrationType = Province |Capital = Qiqihar(1949-1953) Harbin(1954-now) |LargestCity = Harbin |Secretary = Wang Xiankui |Governor = Lu Hao | area_footnotes = 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ )〕 |Area_km2 = 454800 |AreaRank = 6th |Latitude = 43° 25' to 53° 33' N |Longitude = 122° 23' to 134° 46' E |PopYear = 2010 |Pop = 38,312,224 | population_footnotes = |PopRank = 15th |PopDensity_km2 = 80 |PopDensityRank = 28th |GDPYear = 2014 |GDP = 1.504 trillion US$ 244.8 billion |GDPRank = 16th |GDPperCapita = 39,164 US$ 6,375 |GDPperCapitaRank = 16th |HDIYear = 2010 |HDI = 0.704 |HDIRank = 12th |HDICat = high |Nationalities = Han: 95% Manchu: 3% Korean: 1% Mongol: 0.4% Hui: 0.3% |Dialects = Northeastern Mandarin, Jilu Mandarin, Jiaoliao Mandarin |Prefectures = 13 |Counties = 130 |Townships = 1274 |Website = }} Heilongjiang () is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country. "Heilongjiang" literally means Black Dragon River, which is the Chinese name for the Amur. The one-character abbreviation is 黑 (pinyin: Hēi). The Manchu name of the region is ''Sahaliyan ula'' (literally, "Black River"), from which the name of Sakhalin is derived, and the Mongolian name with the same meaning is ''Qaramörin''. Heilongjiang borders Jilin in the south and Inner Mongolia to the west; it also borders Russia to the north and east. The Amur River marks the border between the People's Republic of China and Russia to the north. Heilongjiang contains China's northernmost point (in Mohe County along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the junction of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers). ==History== In ancient times Heilongjiang was far from any literate civilization, and information was sparse. Ancient Chinese records and other sources state that Heilongjiang was inhabited by people such as the Buyeo, the Mohe, and the Khitan. Mongolic Donghu people lived in Inner Mongolia and the western part of Heilongjiang.〔(Origins of Minority Ethnic Groups in Heilongjiang )〕 Some names are Manchu or Mongolian.〔(浅谈黑龙江省地名的特点 )〕 The eastern portion of Heilongjiang was ruled by the kingdom of Balhae between the 7th century and 10th century. The Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234) that subsequently ruled much of north China arose within the borders of modern Heilongjiang. Heilongjiang as an administrative entity was created in 1683, during the Kangxi era of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, from the northwestern part of the Jilin province. This Heilongjiang Province only included the western part of today's Heilongjiang Province, and was under the supervision of the General of Heilongjiang (the title is also translated as the Military Governor of Heilongjiang), whose power extended, according to the Treaty of Nerchinsk, as far north as the Stanovoy Mountains. The eastern part of what's today Heilongjiang remained under the supervision of the General of Jilin, whose power reached the Sea of Japan. These areas deep in Manchuria were closed off to Han Chinese migration. The original seat of the Military Governor of Heilongjiang, as established in 1683, was in Heilongjang City (also known as Aigun or Heihe, or, in Manchu, Saghalien Ula), located on the Amur River. However, already in 1690 the seat of the governor was transferred to Nenjiang (Mergen) on the Nen River, and, in 1699, further south to Qiqihar. According to modern historians, the moves may have been driven by supply considerations: Nenjiang and Qiqihar are connected by a convenient waterway (Nen River) with southern Manchuria, whereas accessing Aigun (Heihe) would require either sailing all the way down the Sungari River until its confluence with the Amur and then up the Amur to Heihe, or using a portage over the Lesser Xing'an Mountains between the Nen River valley and the Amur valley. An additional advantage of Qiqihar may have been its location at the junction of a northbound road (to Nenjiang) and a westbound one (to Mongolia), enabling its garrison to defend both against the Russians and the Ölöt Mongols.〔Edmonds (1985), pp. 115–117〕 Little Qing Military presence existed north of Aigun. Accoridng to the 18th and early 20th European sources, and the reports of the Russians in the 1850s, the farthest Qing "advance guard" post was at Ulusu-Modon (Ulussu-Mudan) ((中国語:乌鲁苏穆丹)), near the Amur River's famous S-shaped meander. (The post was actually on the left bank of the river, lost to the Russians in 1860). In 1858 and 1860 the Qing government was forced to give up all land beyond the Amur and Ussuri Rivers to the Russian Empire, cutting off the Qing Empire from the Sea of Japan and giving Heilongjiang its present northern and eastern borders. At the same time, Manchuria was opened to Han Chinese migration by the Qing government. By the early twentieth century, due to the ''Chuang Guandong'', the Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group in the region.〔Patrick Fuliang Shan, "Taming China's Wilderness: Immigration, Settlement, and the Shaping of the Heilongjiang Frontier, 1900–1931," Ashgate, 2014, ISBN 978-1-4094-6389-4〕 In 1931, Japanese forces invaded Heilongjiang. In 1932, the Japanese completed their conquest of the province, which became part of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. In 1945, Japanese forces in Manchuria were defeated by the Soviet Army. During the Chinese Civil War, Soviet forces aided the Chinese communists. Heilongjiang became the first province to be completely controlled by the communists and Harbin the first major city to be controlled by them. At the beginning of communist rule, Heilongjiang included only the western portion of the present-day province, and had its capital at Qiqihar. The remaining area was the province of Songjiang; its capital was Harbin. In 1954, these two provinces were merged into present-day Heilongjiang. During the Cultural Revolution, Heilongjiang was also expanded to include Hulunbuir League and some other areas previously in Inner Mongolia; this has since mostly been reversed. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Heilongjiang」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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